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SLY Biography

Ntawv Soob Lwj | Ntawv Pahawh | Ntawv Keeb | Ntawv Caub Fab

The Life of Shong Lue Yang: Hmong Mother of Writing

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Hmong Time Line


2700 BC: Description in the Chinese Annals of Chi-You, the mythical ancestor of the Miao people in Central China, near the Yellow  River or Yang Tse Kiang. The Miao tribe under Chiyou defeated at Zhuolu defunct prefecture on the border of today provinces of Hebei and Liaoning) by Huang Di leader of the Huaxia tribe as they struggled for supremacy of the Huang He valley.

2200 BC:  Battle of the "San Miao" against the great Yu who exterminated this ethnic group

1728-1736: Rebellion of Miao in Guizhou against military pressure in sight of assimilating Miao into Han

1800's:  Several rebellions of the Miao people in Hunan, Guanxi and Guizhou: escape to the South of China and to Southeast Asia.

1851-1862: Participation of the Miao people into the "Taiping Rebellion".

1854-1873: "The Miao Rebellion" in Guizhou: afterwards exodus to Southeast Asia, more than 10.000 refugees per day crossed the borders of Vietnam towards Laos, and Thailand. Last arrived in the IndochinesePeninsula where the valleys were already occupied, the Hmong people settled down in the Mountainous areas

1918-1920: "The Madman's War" (Rog phim npab): a Hmong messianic leader, Pa Chay (Paj Cai), raised soldiers to fight against French because of tax imposition. This rebellion lead the French administration to take in consideration the presence of the thnic group in Southeast Asia in attributing administrative and political positions to a few Hmong men.

1936: Raise and fall of Chongtou Lo (Txoov Tub Lauj), son of Lo Bliayao (Lauj Npliaj Yob), to take over his father's duties as Kaitong (Kiab toom) ("Canton": political district). However, due to his ineffectiveness, he was replaced by his brother-in-law, Ly Foung (Lis Foom). Ly Foung's ascension to the position of Kaitong would eventually lead to clan conflict, the Lo Clan against the Ly Clan.

1938: Appointment by French Administration of Touby Lyfoung (Tub Npis Lis Foom), son of the Ly Foung as the Kaitong.

1943: Arrival of Japanese troupes in Laos. Hmong two most powerful clans, the clan Ly/Lyfoung (lead by Touby Lyfoung, son of Ly Foung and nephew of Lo Blia Yao) and the Lo/Lobliayao (Lead by the Faydang Lobliayao (Faiv Ntaj Lauj Npliaj Yob), Lo Bliayao's son and Touby Lyfoung's uncle) fought for Lo Bliayao's political position of "Kaitong" in the District of Non Het in the Province of Xieng Khouang, Laos. The Ly/Lyfoung was supporters of the French colonialists and the Lo/Lobliayao, of the Japanese invaders: the end of the World War II divided the Hmong community into two fractions. The Ly/Lyfoung remained in Laos and supported the Lao royal regime. As for the Lo/Lobliayao, they fled to Vietnam where they joined the Pathet Lao, ally of the Vietnamese communist movement.

1952 October: Invention of the Hmong Latin or the Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) written system by Catholic missionary Father Yves Bertrais, and American linguists, Dr. Williams Smalley and Pastor Dr. Linwood Barney with the help of two Hmong, Yang Yeng (Yaj Yeeb) and Thao Hue (Thoj Hwj), in Luang Prabang in Laos.

1959: Shong Lue Yang invents the Hmong alphabet known today as Pahawh Hmong (aka Ntawv Keeb, aka Ntawv Caub Fab, aka Ntawv Soob Lwj).

1961-1973: "Secret War" part of the Vietnam War in Laos: the minority Khmu, Mien and mainly Hmong soldiers were recruited to fight the communist party, the Pathet Lao, ally of the North Vietnam. General Vang Pao, after serving the French army, was recruited to support the American effort of war against communism.The estimated number of deaths during the secret War is about 35,000 to 40,000 soldiers; the wounded are about 50,000 to 58,000 and the missing are about 2,500 to 3,000. The Laos was subject to extensive aerial bombardment by the United States in an attempt to destroy the North Vietnamese sanctuaries and to rupture the supply lines known as the "Ho Chi Minh Trail". It's estimated that more bombs were dropped in Laos than used during the whole of World War II.

The above time line was composed by Dr. Kao-Ly Yang. The time line was edited to include the year Shong Lue Yang created the Pahawh Hmong to give readers some kind of time frame leading up to the birth of Ntawv Soob Lwj.